JavaSecurity_007：SAML 介绍 （摘录+整理）

SAML：Secure Assertion Markup Language 安全性断言标记语言。
SAML 是一种基于XML开发的用来在互联网上交换安全信息的框架。它可以实现不同的安全服务系统之间的互操作性，它提供了一种机制使得可以在不同的安全服务系统之间交换认证和授权信息。但它本身并不定义新的认证与授权的机制，它只是定义了用于安全服务之间传输安全信息的交换机制。
目前，SAML主要被用来解决SSO（单点登陆）和Web服务安全问题。
所谓安全性断言，即判定用户身份的语句。断言不容怀疑，无需证明。在SAML中，发布断言的站点叫“源站点”，接收断言并信任该断言的站点叫“ 目标站点”。

由于“目标站点”无条件地信任“源站点”发出的断言，因此必须要保障站点之间的通信安全。SAML使用了SSL和X.509，不仅加密了站点之间的通信，还保证了站点之间的身份验证。

应用场景实例说明
在本示例场景中，用户使用用户名和口令登录源站点。然后，用户希望无需再次验证即可访问目标站点。
第4步中的SAML请求，将使用HTTP SOAP消息格式从目标站点到源站点发送。
发送的消息类似于：

返回的消息类似于：
其中断言部分类似于：
案例发展：为了进一步提高安全性，公司决定使用指纹验证，如果在每个站点都安装同样的指纹验证设备，公司显然要多投资。同时，应用程序提供商不得不权衡提供该支持的成本和不提供该支持可能丢失客户的风险。而通过SAML，只需改变源站点的验证方式，目标站点不做任何改动，目标站点甚至不知道源站点的验证方式改变了，因为断言信息没有发生任何变化。

JavaSecurity_006：SSL 介绍 （摘录+整理）

SSL：Secure Sockets Layer。
SSL是用于对TCP/IP数据流进行加密的协议，同时还包括了身份认证（X.509证书）和数据完整性校验（消息验证码）等内容。
TLS (Transport Layer Security) 也是用于传输层加密的协议，一般认为TLS1.0 与SSL3.1相当。SSL可以用在任何面向连接的通信，用在HTTP上，就是HTTPS。
当我们与一个网站建立https连接时，我们的浏览器与Web Server之间要经过一个握手的过程来完成身份鉴定与密钥交换，从而建立安全连接。具体过程如下：

1. 用户浏览器将其SSL版本号、加密设置参数、与session有关的数据以及其它一些必要信息发送到服务器。


2. 服务器将其SSL版本号、加密设置参数、与session有关的数据以及其它一些必要信息发送给浏览器，同时发给浏览器的还有服务器的证书。
   如果配置服务器的SSL需要验证用户身份，还要发出请求要求浏览器提供用户证书。


3. 客户端检查服务器证书，如果检查失败，提示不能建立SSL连接。如果成功，继续。


4. 客户端浏览器为本次会话生成pre-master secret，并将其用服务器公钥加密后发送给服务器。


5. 如果服务器要求鉴别客户身份，客户端还要再对另外一些数据签名后并将其与客户端证书一起发送给服务器。


6. 如果服务器要求鉴别客户身份，则检查签署客户证书的CA是否可信。
   如果不在信任列表中，结束本次会话。
   如果检查通过，服务器用自己的私钥解密收到的pre-master secret，并用它通过某些算法生成本次会话的master secret。


7. 客户端与服务器均使用此master secret生成本次会话的会话密钥（对称密钥）。
   在双方SSL握手结束后传递任何消息均使用此会话密钥。
   这样做的主要原因是对称加密比非对称加密的运算量低一个数量级以上，能够显著提高双方会话时的运算速度。


8. 客户端通知服务器此后发送的消息都使用这个会话密钥进行加密。并通知服务器客户端已经完成本次SSL握手。


9. 服务器通知客户端此后发送的消息都使用这个会话密钥进行加密。并通知客户端服务器已经完成本次SSL握手。


10. 本次握手过程结束，会话已经建立。双方使用同一个会话密钥分别对发送以及接受的信息进行加、解密。

参考文献：
1. 《配置Tomcat 4使用SSL》
2. 《Java安全性编程指南》第9章 译者 庞南 管和昌 陈立志

JavaSecurity_005：图解Windows系统中安装/卸载CA证书

1. 安装
首先要创建一个自签名的根数字证书，详细步骤参考《keytool 使用指南》中的1. 创建密钥库，3.导出/导入数字证书。之后，步骤如下：
双击.cer文件，显示

“该CA根证书没受信任...”，说明这是一个自签名的根数字证书。

点击“安装证书”

点击“下一步”

选择“根据证书类型，自动选择下一步”

点击“完成”

点击“是（Y）”




2. 卸载步骤
启动IE浏览器，点击“工具”-->“Internet 选项”，选择“内容”选项卡，点击“证书”

选择“受信任的根证书颁发机构”，找到“Ma Ping”，点击“删除”

JavaSecurity_004: keytool 使用指南

1. 创建密钥库
密钥库是存放密钥和数字证书的文件。
使用非交互模式创建密钥库如下：
keytool -genkey -dname "CN=Ma Ping,OU=JavaNeverDie,O=Tsinghua University,L=CY,ST=Beijing,C=CN" -alias pma -keyalg RSA -keysize 1024 -keystore pmakeystore -keypass javaneverdie -storepass javaneverdie -validity 365

-dname 参数说明：
CN：Common Name 姓氏名字。
OU：Organization Unit 组织单位名称。
O：Organization 组织名称。
L：Locality 城区名称。
ST：State 省份名称。
C：Country 国家代码。

以上操作创建了一个公钥和一个私钥，同时创建了一个数字证书，证书中包含该公钥和该公钥对应的主体（"CN=Ma Ping,OU=JavaNeverDie,O=Tsinghua University,L=CY,ST=Beijing,C=CN"）

2. 查看密钥库
keytool -list -v -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie
或查看某一条条目：keytool -list -v -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias pma
输出如下：

Keystore 类型： jks
Keystore 提供者： SUN

您的 keystore 包含 1 输入

别名名称： pma
创建日期： 2009-6-19
输入类型：KeyEntry
认证链长度： 1
认证 [1]:
Owner: CN=Ma Ping, OU=JavaNeverDie, O=Tsinghua University, L=CY, ST=Beijing, C=CN
发照者： CN=Ma Ping, OU=JavaNeverDie, O=Tsinghua University, L=CY, ST=Beijing, C=CN
序号： 4a3b3ba7
有效期间： Fri Jun 19 15:17:59 CST 2009 至： Sat Jun 19 15:17:59 CST 2010
认证指纹：
MD5： 68:29:7F:C7:F2:E6:61:0B:DE:27:D7:54:C0:B6:06:6C
SHA1： EA:F3:A8:1E:35:FD:24:25:F7:47:08:49:C6:E1:A1:1A:75:23:C1:59


*******************************************
*******************************************

3. 导出/导入数字证书
3.1 导出
keytool -export -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias pma -file pma.cer
由于数字证书中不包含私钥，因此不需要条目的密码。
用上面的命令导出的文件是二进制的，不利于公布证书，可以使用参数-rfc（即BASE64编码），将证书内容编码。
keytool -export -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias pma -file pma_rfc.cer -rfc
文件内容如下：
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIICWDCCAcECBEo7O6cwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQAwczELMAkGA1UEBhMCQ04xEDAOBgNVBAgTB0Jl
aWppbmcxCzAJBgNVBAcTAkNZMRwwGgYDVQQKExNUc2luZ2h1YSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5MRUwEwYDVQQL
EwxKYXZhTmV2ZXJEaWUxEDAOBgNVBAMTB01hIFBpbmcwHhcNMDkwNjE5MDcxNzU5WhcNMTAwNjE5
MDcxNzU5WjBzMQswCQYDVQQGEwJDTjEQMA4GA1UECBMHQmVpamluZzELMAkGA1UEBxMCQ1kxHDAa
BgNVBAoTE1RzaW5naHVhIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkxFTATBgNVBAsTDEphdmFOZXZlckRpZTEQMA4GA1UE
AxMHTWEgUGluZzCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEAjds1LLWeN0ceBwIgetR1TEGk
O3BF5JpDPLTgvqRFi07bhYIJ2FFpAE/d8bbEeJ4b7f+6p94VqLGLNuFrbgqobPr4Tk79WZ6jp71e
1jEB0dczJqk860+JkWWCze7mtvr9yqOd7CbegL5GD6An5A5A4lrb6XGQo8b6MDhUeLpOtu0CAwEA
ATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFAAOBgQAt7CUMIv26B1yo23b26LqDMmXn6AiIsc+Fy5XHmppXwDPZ7uw+
lwDPRd9PvtT7wXUQYh6WfGFkIegQWK5JU/H+BflCykVvw1n+umAPYizhq8IW/sygqSPazqClnJOJ
a+phvponaKE8y1jiWdwzq6Muu+tMF0/m0+GZD5Sd1H5dmQ==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

3.2 导入
首先要把 CA证书导入到密钥库中，然后再把该CA签发的证书导入到同一个密钥库中，构成完整的证书链。
keytool -import -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias ca -file ca.cer
keytool -import -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias pma -file pma_signed.cer
查看keystore时，会发现条目ca是trustedCertEntry，因为CA证书不包含私钥。
观察CA签发的证书，依然是条目pma（因为公钥前后没有发生改变），但签发者已经变成该CA，而不是原先的自签名。

4. 查看数字证书
keytool -printcert -file pma.cer

5. 删除指定条目/修改指定条目的口令
keytool -delete -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias pma
keytool -keypasswd -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias pma

问题1：如何向CA申请证书签名
（1）创建自签名的证书
创建过程参考 1. 创建密钥库。
（2）创建Certificate Signing Request（CSR）证书签发请求文件
keytool -certreq -keystore pmakeystore -storepass javaneverdie -alias pma -file pma.csr
由于任何人都可以创建数字证书，要想检查某个数字证书是否真实可靠，需要由权威机构来验证：即权威机构用自己的私钥对证书进行数字签名。
这样的权威机构称为CA（Certification Authorities），如Verisign、Thawte。
（3）访问CA站点，输入申请者信息
http://www.verisign.com，详细步骤略。
最终应该获得该CA的根证书getcacert和该CA签发的证书（从email中拷贝，保存为.cer文件）。
（4）导入该CA的根证书getcacert和该CA签发的证书
导入过程参考 3. 导出/导入数字证书。

JavaSecurity_003: 主要安全法案一览 （摘录+整理）

1. Sarbanes－Oxley Act 萨班斯·奥克斯利法案
起源于美国安然公司倒闭后引起的美国股市剧烈动荡，投资人纷纷抽逃资金。为防止和保证上市公司财务丑闻不再发生，由美国参议员Sarbanes 和美国众议员Oxley联合提出了一项法案，该法案即以他们的名字命名。
Sarbanes Oxley主要包括以下几个方面的内容：
（1）成立独立的公众公司会计监察委员会，监管执行公众公司审计职业
（2）要求加强注册会计师的独立性（3）要求加大公司的财务报告责任（4）要求强化财务披露义务
（5）加重了违法行为的处罚措施
（6）增加经费拨款，强化美国证券交易委员会（SEC）的监管职能（7）要求美国审计总署加强调查研
2. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 健康保险携带和责任法案
HIPAA是美国前总统克林顿签署的法案，该法案对多种医疗健康产业都具有规范作用，包括交易规则、医疗服务机构的识别、从业人员的识别、医疗信息安全、医疗隐私、健康计划识别、 第一伤病报告、病人识别等。该法案的主要目标如下：
（1）保证劳动者在转换工作时，其健康保险可以随之转移；
（2）保护病人的病例记录等个人隐私；
（3）促进国家在医疗健康信息安全方面电子传输的统一标准。
HIPAA将安全标准分为四类，以保护信息系统的保密性、一致性和可用性：（1）管理流程（Administrative Procedures） 建立和落实安全策略；（2）物理防护(Physical Safeguards) 描述如何保护计算机系统实体以及相关的环境和设备，免受自然灾害或人为破坏；（3）技术安全服务(Technical Security Services) 描述对数据访问的保护和监控；（4）技术安全机制(Technical Security Mechanisms) 在网络中保护信息和限制数据访问的机制。
对于违反HIPAA安全条例的行为，可以处以最高为25万美元的罚款和最长为10年的监禁。
3. Gramm Leach Bliley Act 格雷姆-里奇-比利雷法案
GLB Act就是1999年的金融现代化法案，它是在美国颁布的一项法律，用于控制金融机构处理个人信息的方式，这项法案包括三部分：财产保密条例、安全措 施条例、托辞供应。其中财产保密条例，用于管制对私人财产信息的搜集和泄露；安全措施条例，用于保证财政机构必须实现对私人信息的安全保护；托辞供应用于 禁止使用不正当的托辞访问私人信息。GLB Act还要求金融机构给顾客一个书面的保密协议，以说明他们的信息共享机制。
4. SB-1386 Act 加利福尼亚违反安全信息法案
SB-1386指的是加利福尼亚违反安全信息法，它是一部加州州法，要求维护个人信息的组织在个人信息的安全遭到损害时通知个人。这个法案规定，如果包含个人数据的数据库发生了安全突破，相应组织必须通知为其维护信息的每个人。

5.Homeland Security Presidential Directive-12 美国国土安全总统指示12
HSPD-12

参考文献：
1. 《什么是Sarbanes Oxley》

JavaSecurity_002：密码学的基本概念

从古到今，人们为了保护数据想尽了各种各样的办法，所有的办法无非都是要解决以下问题：
当数据从A传到B的时候，需要保证：
（1）数据的保密性：只有B可以读取这个数据。
（2）数据的完整性：B能够确认数据在传输过程中，没有被修改过。以及发生纠纷时，A能够确认B自己是否修改过数据。
（3）数据发送者身份的确定性（数据的不可否认性）：B能够确认数据的确是A发送过来的。

1. 古代如何加密数据
常用加密方法：替代和置换/移位。
典型案例：
（1）凯撒密码。
（2）“日升昌”票号的票据防伪。

2. 密钥
一个很长的二进制数，56位即2的56次方。56位已经被破解，128位相对安全些。

3. 对称密钥
加密和解密使用同样的密钥。

3.1 对称密钥的特点
（1）加密算法和解密算法是公开的，协议是安全的。
（2）加密算法足够强大，仅依靠密文不可能译出明文。
（3）安全性依赖于密钥的安全性，而不是算法的安全性。

3.2 对称加密算法：Blowfish、DES、DESede、HmacMD5、HmacSHA1
（1）DES：DES是Data Encryption Standard 数据加密标准。密钥长度为64位，56位有效。
是目前最常用的对称加密算法，但安全性较差。
（2）DESede：改进型DES算法。密钥长度112位或168位。

3.3 对称密钥的缺点
（1）密钥很长，携带不方便，容易被窃取。
（2）如何把密钥从信息提供方A传递给信息接收方B。
（3）密钥的发放数量随着参与者人数的增长而增长，密钥容易流失。

4. 非对称密钥
加密和解密使用不同的密钥。
信息接收方B事先生成一对密钥，一个用于加密，称为公钥，一个用于解密，称为私钥。B将公钥对外公布，不论是谁都可以使用这个公钥，将信息加密发送给B。
由于公钥只能用于加密，而且公钥加密的信息只能用私钥解密，因此不怀好意的人即使知道了公钥也不能解密信息。

4.1 非对称密钥的特点
（1）加密算法和解密算法是公开的，协议是安全的。
（2）加密算法足够强大，仅依靠密文不可能译出明文。
（3）安全性依赖于私钥的安全性，而不是公钥或算法的安全性。
（4）双方不需要事先专门约定用于加密和解密的密钥，解决了密钥分发问题。

4.2 非对称加密算法：RSA、DSA
（1）RSA：由Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir 和Leonard Adleman 在1978年提出了的算法（以此三人姓名的首字母命名）。密钥长度为512~2048位。是目前最常用的非对称加密算法。
（2）DSA：Digital Signature Algorithm 数字签名算法。

4.3 非对称密钥的缺点
（1）运算复杂，速度缓慢。

5. 结合对称密钥和非对称密钥的长处
使用对称密钥加密数据，使用非对称密钥加密对称密钥。
例如：A创建公钥和私钥对，公开公钥；B创建对称密钥，使用A的公钥加密对称密钥，并传递给A；A收到后，使用私钥解密，之后A和B之间就可以使用对称密钥加密数据进行通信了。

6. 使用数据摘要验证数据的完整性
消息摘要：对原始数据按照一定算法计算得到的结果，长度通常固定为16或20个字节。算法可以保证，不同的原始数据，计算出来的结果不同。
因此，消息摘要可以看作是原始数据的指纹。可以用来验证数据在传递过程中是否被篡改。

6.1 数据摘要算法：MD5、SHA
数据摘要算法也是公开的。
（1）MD5：Message-digest Algorithm 5 信息摘要算法。
我们常常在某些软件下载站点的某软件信息中看到其MD5值，它的作用就在于我们可以在下载该软件后，对下载回来的文件用专门的软件（如Windows MD5 Check等）做一次MD5校验，以确保我们获得的文件与该站点提供的文件为同一文件。
在2004年8月17日的美国加州圣巴巴拉的国际密码学会议（Crypto’2004）上，来自中国山东大学的王小云教授做了破译MD5算法的报告，公布了MD系列算法的破解结果。宣告了固若金汤的世界通行密码标准MD５的堡垒轰然倒塌，引发了密码学界的轩然大波。
（2）SHA：Secure Hash Algorithm 安全散列算法。
共有SHA-1、SHA-224、SHA-256、SHA-384 和SHA-512五种变种。
王小云教授又破解了另一国际密码SHA－1。因为SHA－1在美国等国际社会有更加广泛的应用，密码被破的消息一出，在国际社会的反响可谓石破天惊。换句话说，王小云的研究成果表明了从理论上讲电子签名可以伪造，必须及时添加限制条件，或者重新选用更为安全的密码标准，以保证电子商务的安全。

6.2 实际使用中，如何验证数据的完整性？
例如：当A传送数据给B时，同时将数据摘要传递给B；但这还不够，因为窃取者可以修改原始数据，并重新计算数据摘要。为此，需要给数据摘要进行加密，只有A和B拥有加密的密钥（密钥的分发见“5.结合对称密钥和非对称密钥的长处”）。然后，当A传送数据给B时，同时将加密的数据摘要传递给B，B收到后，就可以计算原始数据的数据摘要，然后加密数据摘要，与A传递过来的加密的数据摘要进行对比，从而验证数据的完整性。

7. 使用数字签名确定数据发送者的身份（数据的不可否认性）
数据摘要并不能确定数据是否是A发送过来的，只能确定是某个拥有同样密钥的人发来的。
使用数字签名可以解决这一问题。原理如下：
发送者使用私钥加密数据摘要（谓之数字签名），接收者使用公钥解密以验证签名是否是某个人的。
之所以对数据摘要签名，而不对原始数据签名，因为非对称加密比较慢，既然数据摘要可以唯一的代表原始数据，长度仅有16到20个字节，对它签名是再合适不过了。

8. 使用数字证书确定公钥的所有者身份
使用数字签名可以确定数据发送者的身份，但是有一个前提必须确认：数据接收方所使用的验证签名的公钥的确是数据发送者的。
使用数字证书可以解决这一问题。
数字证书的主要功能是保存公钥和某个主体（个人或机构）的对应关系。

8.1 数字证书的签发
每个人都可以创建数字证书，宣称某个公钥是某个人或机构所拥有的。用户收到这样的证书时，需要辨别其真伪。这就需要有一个权威的认证中心来帮助我们检查证书的真伪，这个权威中心就是CA （Certification Authorities），例如：Versign、Thawte。在我们的操作系统中，已经安装了这些CA的证书。
鉴定的过程是这样的：CA检查某数字证书，确定可信后，用CA的私钥在证书上签名。用户收到这样的证书后，用CA的公钥进行验证。

参考文献：
1. 《Java安全性编程实例》 徐迎晓 编著。

JavaSecurity_001：从“日升昌”票号的票据防伪谈起

自从有了纸币和战争，如何保护数据的安全就成了一个问题。（顺便说一句，《货币战争》我看了，很震惊书里所披露的内容，几乎闻所未闻，这个话题容空再表。）
在计算机出现以前，密码学其实已经成了一门单独的学问。何谓“密码学”，我不是这方面专家，不能给出精确定义，让我们还是从“日升昌”票号的票据防伪谈起吧。
“日升昌”票号采用了一系列的票据防伪方法。
1. 票据采用特殊的纸张，统一的格式。
2. 票据采用了水印技术。
3. 书写票据人固定，笔迹也随之固定。
4. 加盖骑缝章。
5. 密字
（1）“谨防假票冒取，勿忘细视书章”对应12个月。
（2）“堪笑世情薄，天道最公平，昧心图自利，阴谋害他人，善恶终有报，到头必分明”对应一个月中30天。
（3）“生客多察看，斟酌而后行”对应“一二三四五六七八九十”。
（4）“国宝流通”，对应“万千百十”。
（5）为了更加保险，额外增加一个自用密字：“盘查奸诈智，庶几保安守。”
例如：正月一日汇银一千两，在票后附记“谨堪生盘”四个字。
这些密字过一段时间就要更换。
6. 三联单。把一票分为“票根”、“汇票”、“存根”三联。“票根”经由国家邮政系统寄到汇到地分号，待取款人取款时用于核对；“汇票”交给汇款人作为取款依据；“存根”由汇出地票号自存。

所有汇票一经兑付，立即销毁。所以迄今为止，只有一张日升昌票号1860年的汇票存世。

UML_001：UML中的类图 Class Diagram （摘录+整理）

1. 定义
类图是用来表示类、接口以及它们之间的静态关系的图。在进行Java类设计时，非常有用。
类图中从上到下包括：
（1）类名：正体字，可实例化的具体类；斜体字，抽象类；带有"interface"字样，接口类。
（2）属性列表：+ 表示public；- 表示 private；# 表示 protected，i 表示 internal。
（3）方法列表：+ 表示public；- 表示 private；# 表示 protected。带下划线，表明是静态方法。
（4）性质列表：同属性类似，只不过该属性具有getter和setter方法。
2. 类图中的关系（1）一般化（Generalization）关系
表示类之间的继承关系；表示接口之间的继承关系；，接口与类之间的实现关系。
继承（extends）关系：三角形箭头+实体线，子类指向父类。实现（implements）关系：三角形箭头+虚线，实现接口的类指向被实现的接口。
（2）关联（Association）关系
在Java中，关联关系是用实例变量来实现的，即在类A中有类型为类B的实例变量。
关联方向可以是双向的，也可以是单向的，可以有箭头或没有箭头。每个关联关系可以有一个关联名称。
在每个关联的端点，可以用基数表示两者的实例数量关系：0..1 至多有一个实例；* 任意个实例（包括零个）；1 只有一个实例；1..* 至少有一个实例。
例如：驾驶员开汽车是Driver 指向 Car的单向关联关系，关联名称是Drives。
（3）聚合（Aggregation）关系
是关联关系的一种，但比关联关系更强，是整体和个体之间的关系。
与关联关系中二者平行对等的关系不同，聚合关系中整体和个体者是处在不平等的层次上的。
整体端用菱形表示，指向个体端，用箭头表示。例如：汽车与引擎的关系是Car 指向 Engine的聚合关系。
（4）合成（Composition）关系是关联关系的一种，但比聚合关系更强，是整体和部分之间的关系。
整体端用用实心菱形表示，指向部分端，用箭头表示。其中，整体负责部分的生命周期。整体不存在了，部分也就不存在了；部分不能脱离整体而单独存在。例如：人体与四肢的关系是Body 指向 Limb的合成关系。
（5）依赖（Dependency）关系是关联关系的一种，表示一个类依赖于另一个类，依赖关系总是单向的。虚线 + 指向被依赖的类的箭头。
例如：人购买汽车的关系是Person 指向 Car的依赖关系。
与关联关系不同，Person类中并没有Car类型的实例变量，而是通过方法buy(Car car)来传递的。
一般来说，依赖关系在Java中体现为局部变量、方法参数，以及对静态方法的调用。
当类A的某一个局部变量类型是类B，我们说类A依赖于类B；
当类A的某一个方法参数类型是类B，我们说类A依赖于类B；
当类A调用类B的某个静态方法，我们说类A依赖于类B；

参考文献：
1. 《Java与模式》 阎宏

NewConceptEnglishIII_043：Fully insured

Lesson43 Fully insured
Insurance companies are normally willing to insure anything. Insuring public or  private property is a standard practice in most countries in the world. If, however, you were holding an open air garden party or a fete it would be equally possible to insure yourself in the event of bad weather. Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay. It is not uncommon to hear that a ship-ping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a sunken ship. But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique. 
Admittedly it was an unusual pie dish, for it was eighteen feet long and six feet wide. It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair. The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip. Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate. At the same time, a number of teenagers climbed on to the dish and held a little party of their own. Modern dances proved to be more than the disk could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water. 
The pie committee telephoned a local garage owner who arrived in a recovery truck to salvage the pie dish. Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the water to locate the dish. They had little difficulty in finding it, but hauling it out of the water proved to be a serious problem. The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it. Eventually chains were fixed to one end of the dish and a powerful winch was put into operation. The dish rose to the surface and was gently drawn towards the canal bank. For one agonizing moment, the dish was perched precariously on the bank of the canal, but it suddenly overbalanced and slid back into the water. The men were now obliged to try once more. This time they fixed heavy metal clamps to both sides of the dish so that they could fasten the chains. The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal. The winch was again put into operation and one of the men started up the truck. Several minutes later, the dish was successfully hauled above the surface of the water. Water streamed in torrents over its sides with such force that it set up a huge wave in the canal.
There was danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the dish plunging into the water again. By working at tremendous speed, the men managed to get the dish on to dry land before the wave returned.  保险公司一般说来愿意承保一切东西。承办公共财产或私人财产保险是世界上大部分国家的正常业务。如果你要举办一次露天游园会或盛宴，为避免碰上不好的天气而遭受损失也同样可以保险，不用说，保险公司承担风险越大，你付的保险费也就越高。航运公司为打捞沉船而提出索赔，这是常有的事，但某地当局为打捞一只焙制馅饼的盘子提出索赔，倒是件新鲜的事儿。
    这个馅饼盘子确实少见，有18英尺长，6英尺宽。某地方当局买下它用来焙制一个巨大的馅饼为一年一度交易会助兴。馅饼委员会确认运输这只盘子的最佳方案是通过运河水运。于是，他们对这只盘子的运输安全投了保。盘子下水后不久，馅饼委员会成员们来到当地一家小酒店庆贺。就在这个时候，许多十几岁的孩子爬盘子举行他们自己的集会。他们跳起了舞，盘子难以承受。舞会进行过程中，盘子倾覆，沉入了7英尺深的水中。
    馅饼委员会给当地汽车修理库老板打电话，他闻讯后开着一辆急修车前来打捞盘子。那些孩子们穿着湿衣服哆嗦，看着3个工人轮潜入水中以确定盘子的位置。他们没费多大事儿就找到了盘子。可是把盘子捞出却是一个很大的难题。盘子四边十分光滑，要在盘边拴上绳索或链条而同时又不损坏它是很难办到的。不过，他们终于将链条固定在盘子的一端，一台大功率的绞车开动起来。盘子慢慢浮出水面，被轻轻地拽向运河岸边。在令人忐忑不安的瞬间，盘子晃晃悠悠地上了岸，但它突然失去了平衡，又跌回水中。工人们只得再来一次。这次，他们用沉重的金属夹子把盘子夹住，以便往盘子上安装铁链。这次，盘子必须垂直吊出水面，因为盘子的一边紧靠着运河河岸。绞盘机再次启动，一位工人发动了急修车的引擎。几分钟后，盘子被成功地拽出了水面。波浪从盘子两侧急涌而出，在运河里掀起一股大浪。但是当波浪从河对岸折回来时，就有再次把盘子拖进水里的危险。工人们动作迅速，终于赶在那股大浪返回之前把盘子拽到了岸上。

NewConceptEnglishIII_042：Modern Cavemen

Cave exploration, or potholing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures men down to the depths of the earth. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives. For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood. Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler. Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave. Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the potholer. The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3723 feet. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks. The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphine Alps. As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French potholer, Berger. Since its discovery, it has become a sort of potholers' Everest. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored. 
A team of potholers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor. They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools. Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave. They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side. To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits. At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water. In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small water-spout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave. Squeezing through a cleft in the Cave exploration, or potholing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures men down to the depths of the earth. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives. For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood. Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler. Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave. Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the potholer. The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3723 feet. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks. The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphine Alps. As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French potholer, Berger. Since its discovery, it has become a sort of potholers' Everest. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored. 
A team of potholers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor. They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools. Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave. They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side. To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits. At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water. In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small water-spout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave. Squeezing through a cleft in the


洞穴勘查——或洞穴勘探——是一项比较新的体育活动。寻求独处的愿忚或寻求意外发现的机会的欲忚吸引人们来到地下深处。要想对洞穴探险者的动机作出满意的解释是不可能的。对洞穴探险者来说，洞穴有一种特殊的魅力，就像高山对登山者有特殊魅力一样。为什么洞空能引发人的那种探险本能，人们对此只能有一种模模糊糊的理解。
    探测非常深的洞穴不是那些在星期日下午漫步的人所能胜任的。这种活动需要有军事行动般的周密布署和预见能力。有时需要花费整整8天时间来搭起绳梯，建立供应基地，然后才能到一个很深的洞穴里。作出这样的准备是必要的，因为无法预见到洞穴探险者究竟会遇到什么性质的困难。世界上最深的洞穴是格里诺布尔附近的高弗.伯杰洞，深达3,723英尺。这个深邃的洞穴是由一条地下暗泉冲刷岩石中的缝隙并使之慢慢变大而形成的。此洞的洞口在丹芬阿尔卑斯山的高原上，仅6英尺宽，很难被发现。若不是法国著名洞穴探险家伯杰由于偶然的机会发现了这个洞口的话，这个洞也许不会为人所知。自从被发现以后，这个洞成了洞穴探险者的珠穆朗玛峰，人们多次进入洞内探险，但至今尚有不少东西有待勘探。
    最近，一队洞穴探险者下到了高弗.伯杰洞里。他们从高原上的窄缝进去，顺着笔直陡峭的洞壁往下爬。来到一条狭窄的走廊上。他们不得不侧着身子往前走，有时过浅溪，有时游过深潭。突然，他们来到一道瀑布前，那瀑布奔泻而下，注入洞底一处地下湖里。他们跳入湖中，把各种器具装上一只充气的橡皮艇，听任水流将他们带往对岸。湖水冰冷刺骨，他们必须穿上一种特制的橡皮服以保护自己。在湖的尽头，他们见到一大堆一大堆由湖水冲刷上岸的碎石。在这儿，他们可以听见一种连续不断的轰鸣声。后来他们发现这是由山洞顶部的一个小孔里喷出的水柱跌落到水潭中发出的声音。洞穴探险者从岩石缝里挤身过去，来到一个巨大的洞里，其大小相当于一个音乐厅。他们打开强力弧光灯，看见一株株巨大的石笋，有的高达40英尺，像树干似地向上长着，与洞顶悬挂下来的钟乳石相接。周围是一堆堆石灰石，像彩虹一样闪闪发光。洞里有一种可怕的寂静，唯一的可以听见的声响是高高的圆顶上不间断地滴水的嘀嗒声。

NewConceptEnglishIII_041：Illusions of Pastoral peace

The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me. City born and city bred, I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasionally visit during the week-end. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country. Though they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months. Even
he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life. He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living. Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cock crow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures. This idyllic pastoral scene is
only part of the picture. My friend fails to mention the long and friendless winter evenings which are interrupted only by an occasional visit to the local cinema-virtually the only form of entertainment. He says nothing about the poor selection of goods in the shops, or about those unfortunate people who have to travel from the country to the city every day to get to work. Why people are prepared to tolerate a four hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond my ken. They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong.
If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer. You never have to travel miles to see your friends. They invariably live nearby and are always available for an informal chat or an evening's entertainment. Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the theatre as a special treat. For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning. As the play draws to its close, they wonder whether they will ever catch that last train home. The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort. The latest exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away. Shopping, too, is always a pleasure. There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best. Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the necessities of life as they can carry. Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter nights. Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at week-ends when the thousands that travel to work every
day are tucked a way in their homes in the country. It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.

宁静的乡村生活从来没有吸引过我。我生在城市，长在城市，总认为乡村是透过火车车窗看到的那个样了，或偶尔周末去游玩一下景象。我的许多朋友都住在城市，但他们只要一提起乡村，马上就会变得欣喜若狂。尽管他们都交口称赞宁静的乡村生活的种种优点，但其中只有一个人真去农村住过，而且不足6个月就回来了。即使他也仍存有幻觉，好像乡村生活就是比城市生活优越。他滔滔不绝地大谈友好的农民，洁净的空气，贴近大自然的环境和悠闲的生活节奏。他坚持认为，凌晨雄鸡第一声啼叫，黎明时分小鸟吱喳欢叫，冉冉升起的朝阳染红树木、牧场，此番美景无与伦比。但这种田园诗般的乡村风光仅仅是一个侧面。我的朋友没有提到在电视机前度过的漫长寂寞的冬夜——电视是唯一的娱乐形式。他也不说商店货物品种单调，以及那些每天不得不从乡下赶到城里工作的不幸的人们。人们为什么情愿每天在路上奔波4个小时去换取值得怀疑的乡间的优点，我是无法理解的。要是他们愿意住在本来属于他们的城市，则可以让他们省去诸多不便与节约大量开支。
如果你愿舍弃乡下生活那一点点乐趣的话，那么你会发出城市可以为你提供生活最美好的东西。你去看朋友根本不用跋涉好几英里，因为他们都住在附近，你随时可以同他们聊天或在晚上一起娱乐。我在乡村有一些熟人，他们每年进城来看一回或几回戏，并把此看作一种特殊的享受。看戏在他们是件大事，需要精心计划。当戏快演完时，他们又为是否能赶上末班火车回家而犯愁。这种焦虑，城里人是从未体验过的。坐公共汽车几站路，就可看到最新的展览、电影、戏剧。买东西也是一种乐趣。物品种繁多，从来不必用二等品来凑合。乡里人进城采购欣喜若狂，每次回家时都买足了外来商品，直到拿不动方才罢休，连走路都摇摇晃晃的。城市也并非没有良辰美景。寒冷潮湿的冬夜里，广告灯箱发出的暖光，会给人某种安慰。
周末，当成千上万进城上班的人回到他们的乡间寓所之后，空旷的街市笼罩着一种宁静气氛，没有什么能比此时的宁静更令人难忘了。城里人对这一切心里很明白，却偏要执拗地装出他们喜欢住在乡村的样子，这对我来说一直是个谜。

NewConceptEnglishIII_040：Who’s who

It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax. Inviting the fire-brigade to put out a non-existent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in, Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims. When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously. He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people. Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information. 
The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force. The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill. The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper. He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken
to the station. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
谁也弄不清为什么大学生好像比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧。大学生擅长一种特殊的恶作剧——戏弄人。请消防队来扑灭一场根本没有的大火是一种低级骗局，有自尊心的大学生决不会去做。大学生们常常做的是制造一种可笑的局面，使大家笑上一场，当然受害者是笑不出来的。
    最近有个学生看见两个工人在学校门外用风钻干活，马上打电话报告警察，说有两个学生装扮成工人，正在用风钻破坏路面。挂上电话后，他又马上来到工人那儿，告诉他们若有个警察来让他们走开，不要把他当回事，还对工人说，有个学生常装扮成警察无聊地同别人开玩笑。警察与工人都对那个学生事先通报情况表示感谢。
那个学生躲在附近一拱形的门廊里，在那儿可以看见、听到现场发生的一切。果然，警察来了，不礼貌地请工人离开此地；但其中一个工人粗鲁地回了几句。于是警察威胁要强行使他们离开。工人说，悉听尊便。警察去打电话叫人。一会儿工夫，又来了4个警察，规劝工人离开。由于工人拒绝停下手中的活，警察想夺风钻。两个工人奋力抗争，其中一个发了火，威胁说要去叫警察。警察听后讥讽地说，这大可不必，因为他俩已被逮捕了。其中一个工人装模作样地问道，在被带往警察局之前，是否可以打一个电话。警察同意了，陪他来到一个投币地电话前，当他看到那个工人真的是给警察挂电话，才恍然大悟，原来他们都成一场骗局的受害者。
 

NewConceptEnglishIII_039：Nothing to worry about

The rough road across the plain soon became so bad that we tried to get Bruce to drive back to the village we had come from. Even though the road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes,
Bruce was not in the least perturbed. Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere twenty miles away. It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all. No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.
As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders. The wheels scooped up stones which hammered ominously under the car. We felt sure that sooner or later a stone would rip a hole in our petrol tank or damage the engine. Because of this, we kept looking back, wondering if we were leaving a trail of oil and petrol behind us. What a relief it was when the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes. But there was worse to come. Just ahead of us there was a huge fissure. In response to renewed pleadings, Bruce stopped. Though we all got out to examine the fissure, he
remained in the car. We informed him that the fissure extended for fifty yards and was two feet wide and four feet deep. Even this had no effect. Bruce engaged low gear and drove at a terrifying speed, keeping the front wheels astride the crack as he followed its zig-zag course. Before we had time to worry about what might happen, we were back on the plain again. Bruce consulted the map once more and told us that the village was now only fifteen miles away. Our next obstacle was a shallow pool of water about half a mile across. Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt. A yellow light on the dash- board flashed angrily and Bruce cheerfully announced that there was no oil in the engine!
 穿越平原的道路高低不平，开车走了不远，路面愈加崎岖。我们想劝说布鲁斯把车开回我们出发的那个村庄去。尽管路面布满石头，坑坑洼洼，但布鲁斯却一点儿不慌乱。他瞥了一眼地图，告诉我们前面再走不到20英里就是一个村庄。这并不是说布鲁斯总是低估困难，而是他压根儿没有一点儿危险感。他认为不管路面情况如何，车必须以最高速度前进。     我们在尘士飞扬的道路上颠簸，车子东拐西弯，以躲开那些大圆石。车轮搅起的石块锤击车身，发出不祥的锤击声。我们想念迟早会飞起一个石块把油箱砸开一个窟窿，或者把发动机砸坏。因此，我们不时地掉过头，怀疑车后是否留下了机油和汽油的痕迹。
突然大石块不见了，前面是一片平地，唯一的障碍只有一簇簇灌木丛。这使我们长长地松了口气。但是更糟糕的事情在等着我们，离我们不远处，出现一个大裂缝。我们再次央求布鲁斯小心，他这才把车停了下来。我们纷纷下车察看那个大裂缝，他却呆在车上。我们告诉他那个大裂缝长50码，宽2英尺，深4英尺。这也没有对他产生任何影响。布鲁斯挂上慢档，把两只前轮分别搁在裂缝的两边，顺着弯弯曲曲的裂缝，以发疯的速度向前开去。我们还未来得及担心后果，车已重新开上了平地。布鲁斯又看了一眼地图，告诉我们那座村庄离我们只有15英里了。下一个障碍是一片约半英里宽的浅水塘。布鲁斯向水塘冲去，但车开到水塘当中，嘎吱一声停住了。仪表盘一盏黄灯闪着刺眼的光芒，布鲁斯兴致勃勃地宣布发动机里没油了！

NewConceptEnglishIII_038：The first calendar

Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily 
accumulates. What is more they will not have to rely solely on the written word. Films, gramophone records, and magnetic tapes will provide them with a bewildering amount of information. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man. 
Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect. Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C. By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a, primitive type of calendar. It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
 未来的历史学家在写我们这一段历史的时候会别具一格。对于逐渐积累起来的庞大材料，他们几乎不知道选取哪些好，而且，也不必完全依赖文字材料。电影、录像、光盘和光盘驱动器只是能为他们提供令人眼花缭乱的大量信息的几种手段。他们能够身临其境般地观看我们做事，倾听我们讲话。但是，历史学家企图重现遥远的过去可是一项艰巨的任务，他们必须根据现有的不充分的线索进行推理。即使看起来微不足道的遗物，也可能揭示人类早期历史的一些有趣的内容。
    历史学家迄今认为日历是随农业的问世而出现的，因为当时人们面临着了解四季的实际需要，但近期科学研究发现，好像这种假设是不正确的。
    长期以来，历史学家一直对雕刻在墙壁上、骨头上、古代长毛象的象牙上的点、线和形形色色的符号感到困惑不解。这些痕迹是游牧人留下的，他们生活在从公元前约35，000年到公元前10，000年的冰川期的末期，以狩猎、捕鱼为生。历史学家通过把世界各地留下的这种痕迹放在一起研究，终于弄懂了这种费解的代码。他们发现代码与昼夜更迭和月亮圆缺有关，事实上是一种最原始的日历。大家早就知道，画在墙上的狩猎图景并不是单纯的艺术表现形式，它们有着一定的含义，因为它们已接近古代人的文字形式。有时，这种图画与墙壁上的刻痕共存，它们之间可能有一定的联系。看来人类早就致力于探索四季变迁了，比人们想像的要早20,000年。

NewConceptEnglishIII_037：The Westhaven Express

We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual. After years of pre-conditioning, most of us have developed an unshakable faith in railway time-tables. Ships may be delayed by storms; air flights may be cancelled because of bad weather; but trains must be on time. Only an exceptionally heavy snow fall might temporarily dislocate railway services. It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities when something does go wrong. The truth is that when mistakes occur, they are more likely to be ours than theirs.
After consulting my railway time-table, I noted with satisfaction that there was an express train to Westhaven. It went direct from my local station and the journey lasted a mere hour and seventeen minutes. When I boarded the train, I could not help noticing that a great many local people got on as well. At the time, this did not strike me as odd. I reflected that there must be a great many people besides myself who wished to take advantage of this excellent service. Neither was I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles along the line. Even a mighty express train can be held up by signals. But when the train dawdled at station after station, I began to wonder. It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour, but barely chugging along at thirty. One hour and seventeen minutes passed and we had not even covered half the distance. I asked a passenger if this was the Westhaven Express, but he had not even heard of it. I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived. Two hours later, I was talking angrily to the station-master at Westhaven. When he denied the train's existence, I borrowed his copy of the time-table. There was a note of triumph in my voice when I told him that it was there in black and white. Glancing at it briefly, he told me to look again. A tiny asterisk conducted me to a footnote at the bottom of the page. It said: 'This service has been suspended.’

我们已经习惯于相信火车总是准点的。经过多年的适应，大多数人对火车时刻表产生了一种不可动摇的信念。轮船船期可能因风暴而推延，飞机航班可能因恶劣天气而取消，唯有火车必然是准点的。只有非同寻常的大雪才可能暂时打乱铁路运行。因此，一旦铁路上真出了问题，人们便不加思索地责备铁路当局。事实上，差错很可能是我们自己，而不是铁路当局的。     我查看了列车时刻表，满意地了解到有一趟去威斯特海温的快车。这是趟直达车，旅途总共才需1小时17分钟。上车后，我不禁注意到许多当地人也上了车。一开始，我并不感到奇怪，我想除我之外，想利用快车之便的也一定大有人在。火车开出几英里即在一个小站威德里停了下来。对此，我不觉得奇怪，因为即便是特别快车也可能被信号拦住。但是，当火车一站接着一站往前蠕动时，我便产生了怀疑。我突然感到这趟快车并没以时速90英里的速度呼啸前进，而是卟哧卟哧地向前爬行，时速仅30英里。1小时17分过去了，走了还不到一半路程。我问一位乘客，这是不是开往威斯特海温的那趟快车，他说从未听说过有这么一趟快车。我决定到目的地就给铁路部门提意见。两小时后，我气呼呼地同威斯特海温站站长说起此事。他说根本没有这趟车。于是我借他本人的列车时刻表，我带着一种胜利者的调子告诉他那趟车白纸黑字。明明白白印在时刻表上。他迅速地扫视了一眼，让我再看一遍。一个小小的星形符号把我的目光引到了那页底部一个说明上。上面写着：“此趟列车暂停运行。”
  

NewConceptEnglishIII_036：A chance in a million

We are less credulous than we used to be In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences --most of them wildly improbable. Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maid-servant was really the hero's mother. A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero's down- fall. And so on. Modern readers would find such naive solutions totally unacceptable. Yet, in real life, circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone but a nineteenth century novelist would find incredible.
A German taxi-driver, Franz Bussman, recently found a brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before. While on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman. After they had gone on, Mrs Bussman commented on the workman's close resemblance to her husband and even suggested that he might be his brother. Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing
out that his brother had been killed in action during the war. Though Mrs Bussman was fully acquainted with this story, she thought that there was a chance in a million that she might be right. A few days later, she sent a boy to the workman to ask him if his name was Hans Bussman, Needless to say, the man's name was Hans Bussman and he really was Franz's long-lost brother.
When the brothers were re-united, Hans explained how it was that he was still alive. After having been wounded towards the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and was separated from his unit. The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot. Meanwhile, his unit was lost and all records of him had been destroyed. Hans returned to his
family home, but the house had been bombed and no one in the neighbourhood knew what had become of the inhabitants. Assuming that his family had been killed during an air-raid, Hans settled down in a Village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.
我们不再像以往那样轻易相信别人了。在19世纪，小说家常在小说结尾处给读者准备一系列的巧合——大部分是牵强附会，极不可能的。当时的读者却愉快地接受这样一些事实，一个低贱的女佣实际上是主人公的母亲；主人公一位长期失散的兄弟，大家都以为死了，实际上一直活着，并且正在策划暗算主人公；如此等等，现代读者会觉得这种天真的结局完全无法接受。不过，在现实生活中，有时确实会出现一些巧合，这些巧合除了19世纪小说家外谁也不会相信。
    当我是个孩子的时候，我祖父给我讲了一位德国出租汽车司机弗朗兹。巴斯曼如何找到了据信已在20年前死去的兄弟的事。一次，他与妻子徒步旅行。途中，停下来与一个工人交谈，接着他们继续往前走去。巴斯曼夫人说那工人与她丈夫相貌很像，甚至猜测他可能就是她丈夫的兄弟。弗朗兹对此不屑一顾，指出他兄弟已经在战争中阵亡了。尽管巴斯曼夫人熟知这个情况，但她仍然认为自己的想法仍有百万分之一的可能性。几天后，她派了一个男孩去问那人是否叫汉斯.巴斯曼。不出巴斯曼夫人所料，那人的名字真是汉斯.巴斯曼，他确实是弗朗兹失散多年的兄弟。兄弟俩团聚之时，汉斯说明了他活下来的经过，战争即将结束时，他负伤被送进医院，并与部队失去联系。医院遭到轰炸，汉斯步行回到了西德。与此同时，他所在部队被击溃，他的所有档案材料全部毁于战火。汉斯重返故里，但他的家已被炸毁，左邻右舍谁也不知原住户的下落，汉斯以为全家人都在空袭中遇难，于是便在距此50英里外的一座村子里定居下来，直至当日。

NewConceptEnglishIII_034：A happy discovery

Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people. The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place. But no one has to muster up courage to enter a less pretentious antique shop. There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors. No one discovers a rarity by chance. A truly dedicated searcher for art treasures must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it. To do this, he must be at least as knowledgeable as the dealer. Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded. 
My old friend, Frank Halliday, is just such a person. He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere &5. One Saturday morning, Frank visited an antique shop in my neighbourhood. As he had never been there before, he found a great deal to interest him. The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing-case lying on the floor. The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. Frank begged him to do so and the dealer reluctantly prised it open. The contents were disappointing. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature Painting at the bottom of the packing-case. As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy it. Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth &5. Frank could hardly conceal his excitement, for he knew that he had made a real discovery. The tiny painting proved to be an unknown masterpiece by Correggio and was worth thousands of pounds. 
古玩店对许多人来说有一种特殊的魅力。高档一点的古玩店为了防尘，把文物漂亮地陈列在玻璃柜子里，那里往往令人忚而却步。而对不太装腔作势的古玩店，无论是谁都不用壮着胆子才敢往里进。人们还常常有希忚在发霉、阴暗、杂乱无章、迷宫般的店堂里，从杂乱地摆放在地面上的、一堆堆各式各样的破烂货里找到一件稀世珍品。
无论是谁都不会一下子就发现一件珍品。一个到处找便宜的人必须具有耐心，而且最重要的是看到珍品时要有鉴别珍品的能力。要做到这一点，他至少要像古董商一样懂行。他必须像一个专心致志进行探索的科学家那样抱有这样的希忚，即终有一天，他的努力会取得丰硕的成果。
    我的老朋友弗兰克.哈利戴正是这样一个人。他多次向我详细讲他如何只花50英镑便买到一位名家的杰作。一个星期六的上午，弗兰克去了我家附近的一家古玩店。由于他从未去过那儿，结果他发现许多有趣的东西。上午很快过去了，弗兰克正准备离去，突然看见地板上放着一只体积很大的货箱。古董商告诉他那只货箱刚到不久，但他嫌麻烦不想把它打开。经弗兰克恳求，古董商才勉强把货箱撬开了。箱内东西令人失忚。除了一柄式样别致、雕有花纹的匕首外，货箱内装满陶器，而且大部分都已破碎裂。弗兰克轻轻地把陶器拿出箱子，突然发现在箱底有一幅微型画，画面构图与纸条使他想起一幅他所熟悉的意大利画，于是他决定将画买了下来。古董商漫不经心看了一眼那幅画，告诉弗兰克那画值50英镑。弗兰克几乎无法掩饰自己兴奋的心情，因为他明白自己发现了一件珍品。那幅不大的画原来是柯勒乔的一幅未被发现的杰作，价值几十万英镑。

NewConceptEnglishIII_033：A day to remember

We have all experienced days when everything goes wrong. A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control. What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the same moment. It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions. Let us suppose that you are preparing a meal and keeping an eye on the baby at the same time. The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of
catastrophes. While you are on the phone, the baby pulls the table-cloth off the table smashing half your best crockery and cutting himself in the process. You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc. Meanwhile, the meal gets burnt. As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
Things can go wrong on a big scale as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney. During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue. The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner. She suddenly got into a panic and stopped her car. This made the driver following her brake hard. His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake. As she was thrown forward, the cake went right through the windscreen and landed on the road. Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry-driver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled up all of a sudden. The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road. This led to yet another angry argument. Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind. It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorry- driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles. Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake. It was just one of those days!
我们大家都有过事事不顺心的日子。一天开始时，可能还不错，但突然间似乎一切都失去了控制。情况经常是这样的，许许多多的事情都偏偏赶在同一时刻出问题，好像是一件无关紧要的小事引起了一连串的连锁反应。假设你在做饭，同时又在照看孩子。这时电话铃响了。它预示着一连串意想不到的灾难的来临。就在你接电话时，孩子把桌布从桌子上扯下来，将家中最好的陶瓷餐具半数摔碎，同时也弄伤了他自己。你急急忙忙挂上电话，赶去照看孩子和餐具。这时，饭又烧糊了。好像这一切还不足以使你急得掉泪，你的丈夫接着回来了，事先没打招呼就带来3个客人吃饭。 
    就像许多人最近在悉尼郊区帕拉马塔发现的那样，有时乱子会闹得很大。一天傍晚交通最拥挤时，一辆汽车撞上前面一辆汽车，两个司机争吵起来。紧跟其后的一辆车上的司机碰巧是个初学者，她一惊之下突然把车停了下来。她这一停使得跟在后头的司机也来个急刹车。司机妻子正坐在他身边，手里托着块大蛋糕。她往前一冲，蛋糕从挡风玻璃飞了出去掉到马路上。此时，一辆卡车正好从后边开到那辆汽车边上，司机看见一块蛋糕从天而降，紧急刹车。卡车上装着空啤酒瓶。成百只瓶子顺势从卡车后面滑出车外落在马路上。这又引起一场唇枪舌剑的争吵。与此同时，后面的车辆排成了长龙，警察花了将近一个小时才使车辆又开起来。在这段时间里，卡车司机不得不清扫那几百只破瓶子。只有两只野狗从这一片混乱中得到好处，它们贪婪地吃掉了剩下的蛋糕。这就是事事不顺心的那么一天！

NewConceptEnglishIII_032：A lost ship

The salvage operation had been a complete failure. The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home. A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship's captain instructing him to give up the search. The captain knew that another attempt would be made later, for the sunken ship he was trying to find had been carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion.
Despite the message, the captain of the Elkor decided to try once more. The sea-bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom. Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the contents of the sea-chest proved them wrong. What they had in fact found was a ship which had been sunk many years before. The chest contained the personal belongings of a seaman, Alan Fielding. There were books, clothing and photographs, together with letters which the seaman had once received from his wife. The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck. Nothing of value was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved to be of great interest. From a heavy gun that was raised, the captain realized that the ship must have been a cruiser. In another sea-chest, which contained the belongings of a ship's officer, there was an unfinished letter which had been written on March 14th, 1943. The captain learnt from the letter that the name of the lost ship was the Karen. The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read. From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light. The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine. This was later confirmed by a naval official at the Ministry of Defence after the Elkor had returned home. All the items that were found were sent to the War Museum.
 打捞工作彻底失败了。小船“埃尔科”号在巴伦支海搜寻了几个星期之后，正在返航途中。返航前，该船船长收到了大陆发来的电报，指示他们放弃这次搜寻。船长知道日后还会再作尝试，因为他试图寻找的沉船上载有一批珍贵的金条。     尽管船长接了电报，他还是决定再试一试。他们用结实的网把海床搜索了一遍。当一只箱子从海底被打捞上来时，甲板上人们激动不已。船员们开始认为沉船找着了，但海底沉箱内的物品证明他们弄错了。事实上，他们发现的是另一艘沉没多年的船。
木箱内装有水手艾伦.菲尔丁的私人财物，其中有书箱、衣服、照片以及水手收到的妻子的来信。“埃尔科”号船长命令船员们尽量从沉船中打捞物品，但没发现什么值钱的东西，不过打捞出来的众多的物品还是引起了大家极大的兴趣。从捞起的一门大炮来看，船长认为那艘船一定是艘巡洋舰。另一只海底沉箱中装的是船上一位军官的财物，其中有一封写于1943年3月14日的信，但没有写完。从这封信中船长了解到沉船船名是“卡伦”号。打捞到的东西中最有价值的是船上的航海日志，其中有一部分仍然清晰可读。据此，船长可以将所有的那些已经搞清的材料拼凑起来。“卡伦”号当年在为其他船只护航驶往俄国的途中突然遭到敌方潜水艇鱼雷的袭击。这一说法在“埃尔科”号返航后得到的国防部一位海军官员的证实。那次打捞到的所有物品均被送往军事博物馆。

NewConceptEnglishIII_031：A lovable eccentric

True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves. They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of everyday life. 
Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most notable figures in our town. He was a shrewd and wealthy business-man, but the ordinary town-folk hardly knew anything about this side of his life. He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died. Dickie disliked snobs(势利小人) intensely. Though he owned a large car, he hardly ever used it, preferring always to go on foot. Even when it was raining heavily, he refused to carry an umbrella. One day, he walked into an expensive shop after having been caught in a particularly  heavy shower. He wanted to buy a &300 fur coat for his wife, but he was in such a bedraggled condition that an assistant refused to serve him. Dickie left the shop without a word and returned carrying a large cloth bag. As it was extremely heavy, he dumped it on the counter. The assistant asked him to leave, but Dickie paid no attention to him and requested to see the manager. Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and 'reprimanded the assistant severely. When Dickie was given the fur coat, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag. It contained &300 in pennies. He insisted on the assistant's counting the money before he left 72,000 pennies in all! On another occasion, he invited a number of important critics to see his private collection of modern paintings. This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie. It took him four years to stage this elaborate joke simply to prove that critics do not always know what they are talking about.
真正古怪的人从不有意引人注意。他们不顾社会习俗，意识不到自己所作所为有什么特殊之处。他们总能赢得别人的喜爱与尊敬，因为他们给平淡单一的日常生活增添了色彩。
    理查德.科尔森生前是我们镇上最有名忚的人之一。他是个精明能干、有钱的商人，但镇上大部分人对他生活中的这一个方面几乎一无所知。大家都管他叫迪基。早在他去世前很久，他的古怪行为就成了传奇故事了。
    迪基痛恨势利小人。尽管他有一辆豪华小轿车，但却很少使用，常常喜欢以步代车。即使大雨倾盆，他也总是拒绝带伞。一天，他遇上一场瓢泼大雨，淋得透湿。他走进一家高级商店，要为妻子买一块价值300英镑的手表。但店员见他浑身泥水的样子，竟不肯接待他。迪基二话没说就走了。一会儿，他带着一个大布口袋回到店里。布袋很沉，他重重地把布袋扔在柜台上。店员让迪基走开，他置之不理，并要求见经理。经理认出了这位顾客，表示了深深的歉意，还严厉地训斥了店员。店员为迪基拿出了那块手表，迪基把布口袋递给他，口袋里面装着300镑的便士。他坚持要店员点清那些硬币后他才离去。这些硬币加在一起共有30,000枚！ 还有一次，他邀请一些著名评论家来参观他私人收藏的现代画。这次展览引起报界广泛注意，因为这些画名义上是名家的作品，事实上是迪基自己画的。他花了4年时间策划这出精心设计的闹剧，只是想证明评论家们有时并不解他们所谈论的事情。

NewConceptEnglishIII_030：The death of a ghost

For years villagers believed that Endley farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bert Cox. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find the work had been done overnight. Hay had been cut and cow sheds had been cleaned. A farm worker, who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the
moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them.
No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bert revealed
a secret which they had kept for over forty years. Eric had been the eldest son of the family. He had been obliged to join the army during the first World War. As he hated army life he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his farther hid him until the end of the war. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bert. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse（隐遁者, 寂寞者）. He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.
多年来，村民们一直认为恩得利农场在闹鬼。恩得利农场属于乔.考科斯和鲍勃.考科斯兄弟俩所有。他们雇了几个农工，但谁也不愿意在那儿长期工作下去。每次雇工辞职后都叙述着同样的故事。雇工们说，常常一早起来发现有人在夜里把活干了，干草已切好，牛棚也打扫干净了。有一个彻夜未眠的雇工还声称他看见一个人影在月光下收割庄稼。随着时间的流逝，考科斯兄弟雇了一个尽心尽责的鬼，他们家的活大部分都让鬼给干了，这件事成了公认的事实。
    谁也没想到农场竟会有一个从未露面的人。但事实上确有此人。不久之前，村民们惊悉恩得利农场的鬼死了。大家都去参加了葬礼，因为那“鬼”不是别人，正是农场主的兄弟埃里克.考科斯。人们以为埃里克年轻时就死了。葬礼之后，乔和鲍勃透露了他们保守了长达50多年的秘密。
 埃里克是这家长子。年龄比他两个弟弟大很多，第二次世界大战期间被迫参军。他讨厌军旅生活，决定逃离所在部队。当他了解自己将被派遣出国时，他逃回农场，父亲把他藏了起来，直到战争结束。由于害怕当局，埃里克战后继续深藏不露。他的父亲告诉大家，埃里克在战争中被打死了。除此之外，只有乔与鲍知道这个秘密。但他俩连自己的妻子都没告诉。父亲死后，他们兄弟俩认为有责任继续把埃里克藏起来。这些年来，埃里克过着隐士生活，白天睡觉，夜里出来干活，一点不知道自己已成了恩得利家场的活鬼。他死后，他的弟弟们才觉得无法再保守这个秘密了。

NewConceptEnglishIII_029：Funny or not?

Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears. 
Most funny stories are based on comic situations. In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films. However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from America, has recently come into fashion. It is cal1ed' sick humour '. Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents. Many people find this sort of joke distasteful. The following example of 'sick humour' will enable you to judge for yourself. 
A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas. From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital. Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow. On Christmas day, the man still had his right leg in plaster. He spent
a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good. The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party. To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him. In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals. He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg. 
 我们觉得一则笑话是否好笑，很大程度取决于我们是在哪儿长大的。幽默感与民族有着神秘莫测的联系。譬如，法国人听完一则俄国笑话可能很难发笑。同样的道理，一则可以令英国人笑出泪来的笑话，俄国人听了可能觉得没有什么可笑之处。     大部分令人发笑的故事都是根据喜剧情节编写的。尽管民族不同，有些滑稽的情节却能产生普遍的效果。比如说，不管你生活在哪里，你看查理.卓别林的早期电影很难不发笑。然而，近来一种新式幽默流行了起来，这种幽默主要来自美国。它被叫作“病态幽默”。喜剧演员根据悲剧情节诸如暴死，重大事故等来编造笑话。许多人认为这种笑话是低级庸俗的。下面是个“病态幽默”的实例，你可据此自己作出判断。
    圣诞节前几周，某人摔断了右腿被送进医院。从他进医院那一刻时，他就缠住医生，让医生告诉他什么时候能回家。他十分害怕在医院过圣诞。尽管医生竭力医治，但病人恢复缓慢。圣诞节那天，他的右腿还上着石膏，他在床上郁郁不乐地躺了一天，想着他错过的种种欢乐。然而，第二天，医生安慰他说，出院欢度新年的可能性还是很大的，那人听后振作了精神。果然，除夕时他可以一瘸一拐地去参加晚会了。为了补偿住院这一段不愉快的经历，那人喝得稍许多了一点。在晚会上他尽情娱乐，一再告诉大家他是多么讨厌医院。晚会结束时，他嘴里还在嘟哝着医院的事，突然踩到一块冰上滑倒了，摔断了左腿。

NewConceptEnglishIII_028：Five pounds too dear

Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful hand-made silver-ware. It was difficult not to be tempted. Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked. I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring. I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds. Some of them were as big as marbles. The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real. As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches. I examined one of the pens closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words 'made in the U.S.A.' had been neatly inscribed. The man said that the pen was worth &10, but as a special favour, he would let me have it for &8. I shook my head and held up a finger indicating that I was willing to
pay a pound. Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to &3. Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands. Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the pound I gave him. I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain--until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word !
当一艘大型班船进港的时候，许多小船载着各种杂货快速向客轮驶来。大船还未下锚。小船上的人就纷纷爬上客轮。一会儿工夫，甲板上就摆满了色彩斑斓的波斯地毯。印度丝绸。铜咖啡壶以及手工制作的漂亮的银器。要想不为这些东西所动心是很困难的。船上许多游客开始同商贩讨价还价起来，但我打定主意上岸之前什么也不买。
    我刚下船，就被一个人截住，他向我兜售一枚钻石戒指。我根本不想买，但我不能掩饰这样一个事实：其钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。有的钻石像玻璃球那么大。那人竭力想证明那钻石是真货。我们路过一家商店时，他将一颗钻石使劲地往橱窗上一按，在玻璃上留下一道深痕。我花了半个多小时才摆脱了他的纠缠。
    向我兜售的第二个人是卖名贵钢笔和手表的。我仔细察看了一枝钢笔，那看上去确实不假，金笔帽下方整齐地刻有“美国制造”字样。那人说那支笔值50英镑，作为特别优惠，他愿意让我出30英镑成交。我摇摇头，伸出5根手指表示我只愿出5镑钱。那人激动地打着手势，仿佛我的出价使他不能容忍。但他终于把价钱降到了10英镑。我耸耸肩膀掉头走开了。一会儿，他突然从后追了上来，把笔塞到我手里。虽然他绝忚地举起双手，但他毫不迟疑地收下了我付给他的5镑钱。在回到船上之前，我一直为我的绝妙的讨价还价而洋洋得意。然而不管我如何摆弄，那枝漂亮的钢笔就是吸不进墨水来。直到今天，那枝笔连一个字也没写过！

NewConceptEnglishIII_027：Nothing to sell and nothing to buy

It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.
Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might
grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell. 
Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences He, may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possession make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease- By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom. We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
 据说每个人都靠出售某种东西来维持生活。根据这种说法，教师靠卖知识为生，哲学家靠卖智慧为生，牧师靠卖精神安慰为生。虽然物质产品的价值可以用金钱来衡量，但要估算别人为我们为所提供的服务的价值却是极其困难的。有时，我们为了挽救生命，愿意付出我们所占有的一切。但就在外科大夫给我们提供了这种服务后，我们却可能为所支付的昂贵的费用而抱怨。社会上的情况就是如此，技术是必须付钱去买的，就像在商店里要花钱买商品一样。人人都有东西可以出售。     在这条普遍的规律前面，好像只有流浪汉是个例外，乞丐出售的几乎是他本人，以引起过路人的怜悯。但真正的流浪并不是乞丐。他们既不出售任何东西，也不需要从别人那儿得到任何东西，在追求独立自由的同时，他们并不牺牲为人的尊严。游浪汉可能会向你讨钱，但他从来不要你可怜他。他是故意在选择过那种生活的，并完全清楚以这种方式生活的后果。他可能从不知道下顿饭有无着落，但他不像有人那样被千万桩愁事所折磨。他几乎没有什么财产，这使他能够轻松自如地在各地奔波。由于被迫在露天睡觉，他比我们中许多人都离大自然近得多。为了生存，他可能会去打猎、乞讨，偶尔偷上一两回；确实需要的时候，他甚至可能干一点儿活，但他决不会牺牲自由。说起流浪汉，我们常常带有轻蔑并把他们与乞丐归为一类。但是，我们中有多少人能够坦率地说我们对流浪汉的简朴生活与无忧无虑的境况不感到有些羡慕呢？

NewConceptEnglishIII_026：Wanted: a large biscuit tin

No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses. Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. An advertisement which begins with the
magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way. During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory. They offered to pay $2 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener. The response to this competition was tremendous. Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory. One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly 500 pounds. A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car. All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed. The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would win the prize. But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit which weighed 2400 pounds. It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients. It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry. The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for $4800.
没有人能避免受广告的影响。尽管我们可以自夸自己的鉴赏力如何敏锐，但我们已经无法独立自主地选购自己所需的东西了。这是因为广告在我们身上施加着一种潜移默化的影响。做广告的人在力图劝说我们买下这种产品或那种产品之前，已经仔细地研究了人的本性，并把人的弱点进行了分类。
    做广告的人们多年前就发现我们大家都喜欢免费得到东西。凡是用“免费”这个神奇的词开头的广告很少会失败的。目前，做广告的人不仅提供免费样品，而且还提供免费汽车，免费住房，免费周游世界。他们设计数以百计的竞赛，竞赛中有人可赢得巨额奖金。电台、电视使做广告的人可以用这种手段吸引成百万人的注意力。
    有一次，在电台播放的节目里，一个生产饼干的公司请听众烘制饼干送到他们的工厂去。他们愿意以每磅10美元的价钱买下由听众烘制的最大的饼干。这次竞赛在听众中引起极其热烈的反响。不久，形状各异，大小不一的饼干陆续送到工厂。一位女士用手推车运来一个饼干，重达500磅左右。相隔不一会儿，一个男子也带来一个大饼干，那个饼干把汽车的行李箱挤得满满的。凡送来的饼干都仔细地称量。最重的一个达713磅，看来这个饼干获奖无疑了。但就在竞赛截止时间将到之际，一辆卡车驶进了工厂，运来了一个特大无比、重达2,400磅的饼干。它是由一个大学生烘制的，用去1,000多磅的面粉、800磅食糖、200磅动物脂肪及400磅其他各种原料。饼干份量太重了，用了一台起重机才把它从卡车上卸下。饼干公司不得不付出比他们预计多得多的钱，因为为买下那学生烘制的饼干他们支付了24,000美元。

NewConceptEnglishIII_025：The Cutty Sark

        One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past. Before they were replaced by steam-ships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry tea from China and wool from Australia.  The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built. The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae. Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
        The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead. It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad luck. In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away. The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her. A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty. This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well. Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead. After crossing the equator , the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead. Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win. She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae. Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had so many delays. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.

       人们在格林威治仍可看到19世纪最有名的帆船之一“卡蒂萨克”号。它停在陆地上，每年接待成千上万的参观者。它给人们留下深刻的印象，使人们回忆起历史上的巨型帆船，在蒸汽船取代帆船之前。“卡蒂萨克”号之类的帆船被用来从中国运回茶叶，从澳大利亚运回羊毛。“卡蒂萨克”号是帆船制造史上建造的最快的一艘帆船。唯一可以与之一比高低的是“塞姆皮雷”号帆船。两船于1872年6月18日同时从上海启航驶往英国，途中展开了一场激烈的比赛。这场比赛持续了整整4个月，是这类比赛中的最后一次，它标志着帆船伟大传统的结束与一个新纪元的开始。
       比赛开始后，“赛姆皮雷”号率先抵达爪哇岛。但在印度洋上，“卡萨萨克”号驶到了前面。看来，它首先返抵英国是确信无疑的了，但它却在比赛中连遭厄运。8月份“卡蒂萨克”号遭到一场特大风暴的袭击，失去了一只舵。船身左右摇晃，无法操纵。船员用备用的木板在船上赶制了一只应急用的舵，并克服重重困难将舵安装就位，这样一来，大大降低了船的航速。因为船不能开得太快，否则就有危险，应急舵也会被刮走。因为这个缘故，“卡蒂萨克”号落到了后面。跨越赤道后，船长将船停靠在一个港口，在那儿换了一只舵。但此时，“赛姆皮雷”号早已在500多英里之遥了。尽管换装新舵时分秒必争，但“卡蒂萨克”号已经不可能取胜了，它抵达英国时比“塞姆皮雷”号晚了1个星期。但考虑到路上的多次耽搁，这个成绩也已很不容易了。毫无疑问，如果中途没有失去舵， “卡帝萨克”号肯定能在比赛中轻易夺冠。

1. 单词
（1）Greenwich
n.    格林尼治（位于英国伦敦东南部，为本初子午线所经之地，原设有英国皇家格林威治天文台），格林威治镇（位于美国康涅狄格州）;
（2）vessel  
英[ˈvesl] 美[ˈvɛsəl]
n.    容器; 船，飞船; 血管，管束; …的化身;
（3）rudder  
英[ˈrʌdə(r)] 美[ˈrʌdɚ]
n.    船舵; [航] 方向舵; [动] 尾羽; 指导人;
（4）steer  
英[stɪə(r)] 美[stɪr]
vt.& vi.    引导; 驾驶; 操纵，控制;
vt.    掌（舵）;
vi.    行进;
（5）plank  
英[plæŋk] 美[plæŋk]
n.    木板（厚）; 支持物; 政纲条目;
vt.    在…上铺板; 重重放下; 立即付款;
（6）equator  
英[ɪˈkweɪtə(r)] 美[ɪˈkwetɚ]
n.    赤道; 圆（平分球形物体的面的）; 大圆（任何）;
（7）tremendous  
英[trəˈmendəs] 美[trɪˈmɛndəs]
adj.    极大的，巨大的; 可怕的，惊人的; 极好的;

2. 短语
（1）call in   叫（某人）进来; 来访; 找[请]来; 用电话通知;

NewConceptEnglishIII_024：A skeleton in the cupboard

        We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years. The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation. The terrible secret is called 'a skeleton in the cup board '. At some dramatic moment in the story the terrible secret becomes known and a reputation is ruined. The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
        It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction. To varying degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends to learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard. The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very proud of the fact. George studied medicine in his youth. Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories. I once spent an uncomfortable week-end which I shall never forget at his house. George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used. He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner. After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers, I decided to hang in the cupboard one of the two suits I had brought with me. I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified. A skeleton was dangling before my eyes. The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me. Dropping my suit, I dashed downstairs to tell George. This was worse than 'a terrible secret'; this was a real skeleton ! But George was unsympathetic. 'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend. 'That's Sebastian. You forget that I was a medical student once upon a time.’

       在小说中，我们经常读到一个表面上受人尊重的人物或家庭，却有着某种多年不为人所知的骇人听闻的秘密。英语中有一个生动的说法来形容这种情况。惊人的秘密称作“柜中骷髅”。在小说的某个戏剧性时刻，可怕的秘密泄漏出来，接着便是某人的声誉扫地。当读者到小说最后几页了解到书中女主人公，那位一向待大家很好的可爱的老妇人年轻时一连毒死了她的5个丈夫时，不禁会毛骨悚然。
       这种事发生在小说中是无可非议的。尽管我们人人都有各种大小秘密。连最亲密的朋友都不愿让他们知道， 但我们当中极少有人有柜中骷髅。我所认识的唯一的在柜中藏骷嵝的人便是乔治.卡尔顿，他甚至引以为自豪。乔治年轻时学过医，然而，他后来没当上医生，却成了一位成功的侦探小说作家。有一次，我在他家里度周末，过得很不愉快。这事我永远不会忘记。乔治把我领进客房，说这间很少使用。他让我打开行装后下楼吃饭。我将衬衫、内衣放进两个空抽屉里，然后我想把随身带来的两套西服中的一套挂到大衣柜里去。我打开柜门，站在柜门前一下惊呆了。一具骷髅悬挂在眼前，由于柜门突然打开，它也随之轻微摇晃起来，让我觉得它好像马上要跳出柜门朝我扑过来似的。我扔下西服冲下楼去告诉乔治。这是比“骇人听闻的秘密”更加惊人的东西，这是一具真正的骷髅啊！但乔治却无动于衷。“噢，是它呀！他笑着说道，俨然在谈论一位老朋友。“那是塞巴斯蒂安。你忘了我以前是学医的了。”

1. 单词
（1）conceal
英[kənˈsi:l] 美[kənˈsil]
vt.   隐藏，隐瞒，遮住;
（2）vivid
英[ˈvɪvɪd] 美[ˈvɪvɪd]
adj.  生动的; 清晰的（记忆、描述等）; 丰富的（人的想像）; 鲜艳的，耀眼的（光、颜色等）;
（3）dramatic
英[drəˈmætɪk] 美[drəˈmætɪk]
adj.  引人注目的; 戏剧的，戏剧性的; 激动人心的;
（4）heroine  
英[ˈherəʊɪn] 美[ˈheroʊɪn]
n.  女主角; 女英雄; 女杰出人物;
（5）fiction  
英[ˈfɪkʃn] 美[ˈfɪkʃən]
n.    小说，虚构的文学作品; 虚构的或想像出的事，并非完全真实的事; 编造，虚构;
（6）unpack  
英[ˌʌnˈpæk] 美[ʌnˈpæk]
vt.& vi.    从（包裹等）中取出（所装的东西），打开行李取出;
vt.    拆包; 解除…的负担; 吐露（心事等）; 卸下（车、马等）的负荷物;
（7）stack  
英[stæk] 美[stæk]
n.    垛，干草堆; 烟囱（一排）; 层积; 整个的藏书架排列;
vt.& vi.    堆成堆，垛; 堆起来或覆盖住; 洗牌作弊; 秘密事先运作;
（8）underclothes  
英[ˈʌndəkləʊðz] 美[ˈʌndərkloʊðz]
n.    内衣; 内衣裤; 衬衣;
（9）petrified  
英[ˈpetrɪfaɪd]
adj.    惊呆的; 目瞪口呆的;
v.    使吓呆，使惊呆; 变僵硬; 使石化(petrify的过去式和过去分词);
（10）dangle  
英[ˈdæŋgl] 美[ˈdæŋɡəl]
vi.    悬荡，垂着摆动; 尾随，追逐;
vt.    使摇晃地挂着或摆荡; 悬而未定;
（11）dash  
英[dæʃ] 美[dæʃ]
vi.    猛冲; 赶紧离开;
vt.    猛撞; 匆忙完成; 泼溅; 使…破灭;
n.    短跑; 破折号; 猛冲; 少量，些许;
（12）unsympathetic
英[ˌʌnˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk]  美[ˌʌnˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk]
adj.    不同情的，冷漠无情的;
adv.    不同情地，冷漠无情地;
（13）Sebastian       
n.    塞巴斯蒂安(m.);

2. 短语
（1）a skeleton in the cup board 柜子里的秘密
（2）hair stands on end 头发倒竖
（3）leap out   跳出; <非正>显而易见;

NewConceptEnglishIII_023：One man’s meat is another man’s poison

         People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy. You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive. On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat-- the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
        No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail. Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world. There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised. As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take them to him. The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert. Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and  I went into the living-room where we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner. Snails would, of course, be the main dish. I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room. To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall! I have never been able to look at a snail since then.

       在决定什么能吃而什么不能吃的时候，人们往往变得不合情理。比如，如果你住在地中海地区，你会把章鱼视作是美味佳肴，同时不能理解为什么有人一见章鱼就恶心。另一方面，你一想到动物油炸土豆就会反胃，但这在北方许多国家却是一种普通的烹任方法。不无遗憾的是， 我们中的大部分人，生来就只吃某几种食品，而且一辈子都这样。
       没有一种生物所受到的赞美和厌恶会超过花园里常见的蜗牛了。蜗牛加酒烧煮后，便成了世界上许多地方的一道珍奇的名菜。有不计其数的人们从小就知道蜗牛可做菜。但我的朋友罗伯特却住在一个厌恶蜗牛的国家中。他住在大城市里的一所公寓里，没有自己的花园。多年来，他一直让我把我园子里的蜗牛收集起来给他捎去。一开始，他的这一想法没有引起我多大兴趣。后来有一天，一场大雨后，我在花园里漫无目的散步，突然注意到许许多多蜗牛在我的一些心爱的花木上慢悠悠的蠕动着。我一时冲动，逮了几十只，装进一只纸袋里，带着去找罗伯特。罗伯特见到我很高兴，对我的薄礼也感到满意。我把纸袋放在门厅里，与罗伯特一起进了起居室，在那里聊了好几个钟头。我把蜗牛的事已忘得一干二净，罗伯特突然提出一定要我留下来吃晚饭，这才提醒了我。蜗牛当然是道主菜。我并不喜欢这个主意，所以我勉强跟着罗伯特走进了起居室。使我们惊愕的是门厅里到处爬满了蜗牛：它们从纸袋里逃了出来，爬得满厅都是！从那以后，我再也不能看一眼蜗牛了。

1. 单词
（1）illogical  
英[ɪˈlɒdʒɪkl] 美[ɪˈlɑ:dʒɪkl]
adj.  不合逻辑的; 无意义的;
（2）Mediterranean
英[ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən] 美[ˌmɛdɪtəˈreniən, -ˈrenjən]
adj.  地中海的; 地中海地区的; 地中海居民的;
（3）octopus  
英[ˈɒktəpəs] 美[ˈɑ:ktəpəs]
n.  章鱼;
（4）delicacy  
英[ˈdelɪkəsi] 美[ˈdɛlɪkəsi]
n.  美味佳肴; 精美; 敏锐，敏感; 世故，圆滑;
（5）repulsive  
英[rɪˈpʌlsɪv] 美[rɪˈpʌlsɪv]
adj.  丑恶; 令人厌恶的，可憎的;
（6）praise   
英[preɪz] 美[preɪz]
n.  赞扬，称赞; 崇拜; 赞词;
v.  歌颂; 赞扬，赞美; 崇拜;
（7）abuse   
英[əˈbju:s] 美[əˈbjuz]
n.  滥用; 恶习; 侮辱; 恶言
vt. 滥用; 虐待; 辱骂
（8）luxury   
英[ˈlʌkʃəri] 美[ˈlʌɡʒəri, ˈlʌkʃə-]
n.    奢侈，豪华; 奢侈品，美食，美衣; 乐趣，享受; 不常有的乐趣（或享受、优势）;
adj.    奢华的，豪华的;
（9）despise  
英[dɪˈspaɪz] 美[dɪˈspaɪz]
vt.    鄙视，看不起
（10）stroll   
英[strəʊl] 美[stroʊl]
n.  漫步; 闲逛;
vi.  散步; 奔波;
vt.  溜达;
（11）impulse   
英[ˈɪmpʌls] 美[ˈɪmˌpʌls]
n.  凭冲动行事; 突如其来的念头; [电子] 脉冲; [医] 冲动，搏动;
adj. 冲动的;
v.    推动;
（12）dozen   
英[ˈdʌzn] 美[ˈdʌzən]
n.  打，十二个（一）;
adj.  一打的;
（13）fancy
英[ˈfænsi] 美[ˈfænsi]
vt.    想像; 设想; 想要; 猜想;
n.    设想; 想像力; 爱好; 怪想;
adj.    奇特的（构思者）; 昂贵的; 高价的（价格等）; [美国俚语] 真棒;

2. 短语
（1）frying potatoes  油炸马铃薯
（2）animal fat  动物油脂
（3）stick to 遵守; 保留; 紧跟; 忠于
（4）heavy shower   骤雨; 暴雨，大阵雨;
（5）act on a sudden impulse 一时心血来潮
（6）main dish 主菜

NewConceptEnglishIII_022：By heart

        Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.
        A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
        One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow-actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.

        有些剧目十分成功，以致连续上演好几年。这样一来，可怜的演员们可倒霉了。因为他们需要一夜连着一夜地重复同样的台词。人们以为，这些演员一定会把台词背得烂熟，绝不会临场结巴的，但情况却并不总是这样。
        有一位名演员曾在一出极为成功的剧目中扮演一个贵族角色，这个贵族已在巴士底狱被关押了20年。在最后一幕中，狱卒手持一封信上场，然后将信交给狱中那位贵族。尽管那个贵族每场戏都得念一遍那封信。但他还是坚持要求将信的全文写在信纸上。
        一天晚上，狱卒决定与他的同事开一个玩笑，看看他反复演出这么多场之后，是否已将信的内容记熟了。大幕拉开，最后一幕戏开演，贵族独自一人坐在铁窗后阴暗的牢房里。这时狱卒上场，手里拿着那封珍贵的信。狱卒走进牢房，将信交给贵族。但这回狱卒给贵族的信没有像往常那样把全文写全，而是一张白纸。狱卒热切地观察着，急于想了解他的同事是否记熟了台词。贵族盯着纸看了几秒钟，然后，眼珠一转，说道：“光线太暗，请给我读狱卒。狱卒发现自己连一个字也记不住，于是便说：“陛下，这儿光线的确太暗了，我得去眼镜拿来。”他一边说着，一边匆匆下台。贵族感到非常好笑的是：一会儿工夫，狱卒重新登台，拿来一副眼镜以及平时使用的那封信，然后为那囚犯念了起来。

1. 单词
（1）falter
英[ˈfɔ:ltə(r)] 美[ˈfɔltɚ]
vi.  蹒跚; 颤抖（嗓音）; 支吾其词; 摇晃;
n.   颤抖; 支吾，结巴; 踌躇，不稳; 摇晃;
（2）aristocrat  
英[ˈærɪstəkræt] 美[əˈrɪsttəkræt]
n.   贵族; 贵族政治论者; 有贵族派头的人;
（3）imprison
英[ɪmˈprɪzn] 美[ɪmˈprɪzən]
vt.    关押，监禁; 束缚，禁锢; 使…不自由;
（4）bastille  
英[bæˈsti:l] 美[bæˈstil]
n.  城堡，牢狱; 巴士底监狱(B-); 堡塔;
（5）bar  
英[bɑ:(r)] 美[bɑ:r]
n.  条，棒; 闩（门、窗等的）; 障碍; 酒吧间;
vt.  闩（门等）; 阻碍，封锁; 排除，去除;
prep.    除…之外;
（6）gaoler
英['dʒeɪlə] 美[ˈdʒelɚ]
n.  狱卒;
（7）reveal
英[rɪˈvi:l] 美[rɪˈvil]
vt.  揭露; 泄露; 显露; [神] 启示;
n.   揭示，展现; [建] 门侧，窗侧;
（8）squint
英[skwɪnt] 美[skwɪnt]
v.  斜视; 倾向; 斜着眼睛看;
n.  斜视; 一瞥;
adj.  斜视的; 细眯着眼看的;
（9）dim
英[dɪm] 美[dɪm]
adj.  暗淡的，昏暗的; 不光明的; 看不清的; 不显著的（性质和特征上）;
vt.& vi.  变暗淡（使）; 变模糊（使）; 减弱（使）; 变淡漠;
n.  笨蛋，傻子;
（10）sire  
英[ˈsaɪə(r)] 美[saɪr]
n.   陛下，大人; 男性祖先; 雄性牲畜;
vt.  做…的父亲，生产;
（11）amusement
英[əˈmju:zmənt] 美[əˈmjuzmənt]
n.  娱乐; 游戏; 文娱活动;
（12）proceed
英[prəˈsi:d] 美[proʊˈsi:d]
vi.  进行; 前进; 行进（沿特定路线）; 继续说（尤指打断后）;
n.   收入，获利;

2. 短语
（1）by heart 凭记性
（2）run for years 多年运行
（3）on end  连续地; 直立着，竖立着
（4）go up  上升; 响起; 升起（幕布）; 破产;
（4）fellow-actor  演对手戏的搭档演员